Embryo Diagnosis Essay -- Genetics Science Technology Pregnancy Essays

Embryo Diagnosis Karen and Roger have decided to start a family. Again. It has been nearly six years since their first and only child, Katie, was born, and just over two years since she died. In her four years of life, Katie was plagued with the fatal Tay-sachs disease. Because the enzyme needed to rid her brain of fatty materials was absent at birth, she lost her sight when she was only eighteen months old. Her ability to operate the left side of her body was gone several months later. Understandably, the loss of their daughter devastated the young couple. The difficulty of watching their little girl suffer and knowing it was their genetic makeup that caused her pain made it harder to try having another baby. They honestly didn't know if they could bring another child into a world of hurt and certain death. Breakthroughs in genetic technology has brought hope for healthy children to the distraught couple. Through embryo diagnosis, it is very possible for Karen and Roger to have a baby that is free of the horrible disease. What they struggle with now is whether they believe it is ethically correct. In the fast-paced, ever growing world of genetics, we as a responsible society must take time to scrutinize the new technologies from both ethical and scientific standpoints. The questions we are to answer are both difficult and morally challenging. One such question involves embryo diagnosis. Is it morally correct to pick and choose which embryos are genetically acceptable? On the other hand, how ethical is it to allow a child to be born with a terminal disease, when technologies at hand could have prevented such pain? After looking at both sides, it is my belief that embryo diagnosis can do the human race worlds of go... ...Biosis. What is Genetic Screening? http://www.sci.comm.org.uk/biosis/human/whatis1.html Bonnicksen, Andrea. "Genetic Diagnosis of Human Embryos." Hastings Center Report Jul.-Aug. 1992:s5-10 "Footnotes." Scientific American June 1993: 130 "Healthy Baby is Born After Test for Deadly Gene." The New York Times 28 Jan. 1994:a17 Institute of Medicine. Assessing Genetic Risks National Academy Press Washington D.C. 1994 Kastilahn, Kathleen. "Back to Genesis." The Lutheran Feb. 1993:9-15 Kolata, Gina. "Genetic Defects Detected in Embryos Just Days Old." The New York Times 24 Sept. 1992:a1+ Rinard, Peggy. "Mapping the Inner Frontier." Health Sciences 1992:3-7 Thompson, et al. Genetics in Medicine W.B. Saunders Company, United States. 1991 Wheeler, David L. "War on a Disease." The Chronicle of Higher Learning May 18, 1994 a10-a15.

Organizational Structure Essay

Organizational structure is very important to any company, it guarantees longevity and efficiency. Apple Inc. was incorporated in California on January 3, 1977 (Apple, 2013) and first came on the scene with the release of Apple I. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were the creators of this cutting edge technology and both men were seemingly college dropouts (No Stop Technology – The Apple Fan Site, n. d). The company is a publically traded company listed on the NASDAQ and in 2013 they are number 6 on the list for Fortune 500 companies. Apple Inc. s mission statement is â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and has recently introduced iPad 2 which is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices. † (About. com, n. d. ). Their mission statement implies that they have a flexible structure that allows for unlimited growth within the technology industry. Structure Apple Inc. ’s organizational structure has enabled the company to keep a barrier free structure and remain competitive. Apple realizes that their expertise is in the innovation of new technology and in order to gain access to many industries they partner with other organizations with different specialties. An example of this is Apple and Nike. Apple took the initiative to create a product for Nike to put into their shoes which allows the consumers to calculate their running distance, keep track of the steps they take, and overall work out progress (Apple, 2013). This is helping them become very diverse and has a constant interest and loyalty among consumers. Other companies like Hewitt-Packard have the same organizational structure as Apple Inc. , by wanting to give the best products to their consumers. In Hewlett-Packards press release in October, 2011, â€Å"Launched in the United States in April 2000, the HP Digital Village program aims to bring the tools for learning and competing in the digital economy to communities that need them most† (Hewlett-Packard, 2011). Being prepared for today’s digital marketplace has given HP an advantage over other corporations that are not prepared to take on the more digital and global economic environment. Another company that has similar structure to Apple is Samsung. They state â€Å"At Samsung Group and Samsung Electronics, we uphold a belief in shared responsibility – to our people, our planet and our society. Across the company, we hold ourselves to the highest standards so that we can more effectively contribute to a better world† (Samsung, 2013). They are also dedicated to developing innovative technologies and being efficient, which allows them to be a digital leader as well. Functions Organizational functions have a role in the development of the company as well as the growth. The different departments that are within Apple Inc. carry a heavy weight of responsibility to ensure that they are consistently driving the company forward. Whether speaking in terms of the retail department, the marketing department, or the human resources department, all have to strive and work to accomplish the goals of gaining profit for the company. Being a leader in new technology has given the company the upper hand on allowing them to have the products free, to use within the business before they are produced at the mass level for consumers. Each product that is produced from Apple has its own team that inspects and maintains the product, which allows Apple to hold accountability for each department and does not allow too many individuals to be involved in the process. This is an example of how divisional structure is involved in an open barrier organizational style. Apple also makes a point to focus on staff engagement level, by having their employees be actively engaged and connected to their work. Employees are given the opportunities to advance in their field and the opportunity to continue to learn new skills within the company. The human resource department is in charge of hiring new employees as well as maintaining the structure of the entire company which is vital to the profitability and the internal organization of the Company. Design Geographical location of the company has been a strong suit for Apple. Apple has over 300 retail stores located all over the world and is continuing to grow based on consumer demand. Apple, Inc. ’s main headquarters are in Cupertino, California, but they also have headquarters in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. By having various headquarters throughout the world, Apple is able to oversee the quality of their products and productivity of retail stores. The number of Apple jobs based in the U. S. has more than quadrupled over the past decade, from less than 10,000 employees in 2002 to more than 50,250 today. They offer their part-time employees the same benefits as full-time employees, including health insurance and the employee stock purchase plan (Apple, 2013). The organizational design of Apple Inc. has been quite challenging to obtain because Apple has very high security when it comes to the internal structure of their company. Apple has to maintain the integrity of their business plan because other organizations would take their ideas and structure and use it to their gain. Apple does everything to prevent this from happening because the technological field is a very competitive market and they do not want to give competitors any insight, which would then result in decreased profits for Apple. Apple’s current CEO is Tim Cook who is in charge of the company’s worldwide sales and operations. Mr. Cook has not always been the CEO of Apple. He was previously employed with Compaq and was the Vice President of Corporate Materials, where he was responsible for procuring and managing Apple’s inventory. This prior experience has given him the knowledge necessary to run such a successful company and the ability to encourage and oversee innovation within the company. Conclusion Apple is a successful company in the innovation of new technology. Apple has the leading edge with technology and has loyal consumers all over the world. It is a company that is primarily known for its products such as the iPhone, iPod, iPad and the MacBook. The company also offers consumers the ability to have Apple create software and hardware specific for a Corporation’s needs. The organizational structure of this organization has allowed for the innovation of products that have changed the world. With these continued business practices, Apple has created an environment with unlimited growth potential and amazing customer loyalty. By being so flexible and diverse in so many different ways, this has allowed Apple to become so successful in such a short time and they will continue to grow into the future. This ability to be a leader in such a competitive market has paved the way for Apple to reap continued profits for many years to come.

National Security Council Role and Membership

The National Security Council is the most important group of advisers to the president of the United States on matters of foreign and domestic national security. The National Security Council is made up of about a dozen military and intelligence community leaders who serve as the heart of the homeland security efforts and policies in the United States. The council reports to the president and not Congress and is so powerful that it can order the assassination  of enemies of the United States, including those living on American soil. What the National Security Council Does The law creating the National Security Council defined its function as being to advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security so as to enable the military services and the other departments and agencies of the Government to cooperate more effectively in matters involving the national security. The councils function is also to assess and appraise the objectives, commitments, and risks of the United States in relation to our actual and potential military power, in the interest of national security, for the purpose of making recommendations to the President in connection there with. Members of the  National Security Council The  law creating the National Security Council is called the National Security Act. The act set the councils membership in statute to include: The presidentThe vice presidentThe secretary of the Department of StateThe secretary of DefenseThe secretary of the ArmyThe secretary of the NavyThe secretary of the Air ForceThe Secretary of EnergyThe chairman of the National Security Resources Board The law also requires two advisers to the National Security Council. They are: The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff serves as the military adviser to the councilThe director of National Intelligence Services serves as the intelligence adviser to the council The president has discretion to invite other members of his staff, administration, and cabinet to join the  National Security Council. In the past, the presidents chief of staff and chief counsel, the Treasury secretary, the assistant to the president for economic policy, and the attorney general have been invited to attend meetings of the National Security Council.   The ability to invite members from outside the military and intelligence community to play a role on the National Security Council  has occasionally caused controversy. In 2017, for example, President Donald Trump used an executive order to authorize his chief political strategist, Steve Bannon, to serve on the National Security Councils principals committee. The move caught many Washington insiders by surprise. â€Å"The last place you want to put somebody who worries about politics is in a room where they’re talking about national security,† former Defense Secretary and CIA Director Leon E. Panetta told  The New York Times. Bannon was later removed from the council. History of the National Security Council The National Security Council was created by the enactment of the National Security Act of 1947, which set forth a complete restructuring of the entire national security apparatus, civilian and military, including intelligence efforts, according to the Congressional Research Service. The law was signed by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1947. The National Security County was created in the post-World War II era, in part to ensure the nations industrial base would be capable of supporting national security strategies and to set policy, according to the Congressional Research Service.   National defense specialist Richard A. Best Jr. wrote: In the early 1940s, the complexities of global war and the need to work together with allies led to more structured processes of national security decision making to ensure that the efforts of the State, War, and Navy Departments were focused on the same objectives. There was an increasingly apparent need for an organizational entity to support the President in looking at the multiplicity of factors, military and diplomatic, that had to be faced during wartime and in the early postwar months when crucial decisions had to be made regarding the future of Germany and Japan and a large number of other countries.   The first meeting of the National Security Council was on  Sept. 26, 1947. Secret Kill Panel on National Security Council The National Security Council contains a once-secret subgroup that identifies enemies of the state and active militants living on American soil for potential assassination by the U.S. government. The so-called kill panel has been in existence since at least the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, though there is no documentation of the subgroup other than media reports based on unnamed government officials. According to published reports, the subgroup maintains a kill list that is reviewed by the president or the vice president on a weekly basis.   Reports the American Civil Liberties Union: There is very little information available to the public about the U.S. targeting of people far from any battlefield, so we dont know when, where, and against whom targeted killing can be authorized. According to news reports, names are added to a kill list, sometimes for months at a time, after a secret internal process. In effect, U.S. citizens and others are placed on kill lists on the basis of a secret determination, based on secret evidence,  that a person meets a secret definition of threat. While the Central Intelligence Agency and the Pentagon keep a list of terrorists who are approved for potential capture or assassination, the National Security Council is responsible for approving their appearance on the kill list. Under President Barack Obama, the determination of who was placed on the kill list was called the disposition matrix. And the decision-making authority was removed from the National Security Council and placed in the hands of the top  counterterrorism official. A detailed report on the matrix from The Washington Post  in 2012 found: Targeted killing is now so routine that the Obama administration has spent much of the past year codifying and streamlining the processes that sustain it. This year, the White House scrapped a system in which the Pentagon and the National Security Council had overlapping roles in scrutinizing the names being added to U.S. target lists. Now the system functions like a funnel, starting with input from half a dozen agencies and narrowing through layers of review until proposed revisions are laid on [White House counterterrorism adviser John O.]  Brennan’s desk, and subsequently presented to the president. National Security Council Controversies The organization and operation of the National Security Council has come under attack several times since the advisory group began meeting. The lack of a strong national security adviser and the involvement of council staff in covert operations has been a common cause of concern, most notably under President Ronald Reagan during the Iran-Contra scandal; the United States was proclaiming its opposition to terrorism while the National Security Council, under the direction of  Lt. Col. Oliver North, managed a program supplying weapons to a terrorist state. President Barack Obamas National Security Council, led by National Security Adviser Susan Rice, came under fire for its handling of the civil war in Syria, President  Bashar al-Assad, the spread of ISIS, and the failure to remove chemical weapons they later used against civilians. President George W. Bushs National Security Council was criticized for planning to invade Iraq and topple Saddam Hussein shortly after the inauguration in 2001.  Bushs Treasury secretary, Paul ONeill, who served on the council, was quoted as saying  after leaving office: From the start, we were building the case against Hussein and looking at how we could take him out and change Iraq into a new country. And, if we did that, it would solve everything. It was about finding a way to do it. That was the tone of it—the president saying, Fine. Go find me a way to do this. Who Heads the National Security Council The president of the United States is the statutory chairman of the National Security Council. When the president in not in attendance, the vice president presides over the council. The national security adviser also holds some supervisory powers, as well. Subcommittees In the  National Security Council There are several subgroups of the National Security Council designed to handle specific issues within the nations security apparatus. They include: The Principals Committee:  This committee is made up of the secretaries of the departments of State and Defense, the director of Central Intelligence, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chief of staff to the president, and the national security adviser. This committee was created under President George H.W. Bush and is designed to allow the president and vice president to remain free from much of the minor policy negotiations. The Principals Committee, therefore, does not include the president or vice president; instead, it presents its work to the full National Security Council for implementation. If the process works as intended, the president does not have to spend time on uncoordinated policy recommendations and can focus on high-level problems and those issues upon which the departments and agencies could not reach a consensus, states the National Defense University of the U.S. Department of Defense.The Deputies Committee:  This committee is made up of the deputy national security adviser and second-ranking officials. Among its primary responsibilities is to meet regularly during times of crisis to gather and summarize information for the president, vice president, and members of the full National Security Council. Otherwise, it evaluates policy proposal for the full council.The Policy Coordinating committees:. These committees are made up of assistance department secretaries. Its role, according to presidential memorandum, is to provide policy analysis for consideration by the more senior committees of the national security system and ensure timely responses to the presidents decisions.